TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β is produced by tumor cells themselves, Tregs, myeloid derived suppressor cells and other stromal cells in TME to downregulates the host immune response via driving the Th1/Th2 balance toward the Th2 immune phenotype, directly inhibiting anti-tumoral Th1-type responses and M1-type macrophages and promoting M2-type macrophages, suppressing cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes, NK, and dendritic cells functions, and stimulating CD4 + CD25+ T-regulatory cells (Treg) (285).