Although these factors may contribute to pathogenic inflammatory infiltrate, GM-CSF for e.g., has even been used recently as primary immuno-target for treatment of specific groups of RA patients (56), their synergistic roles in stem cell stimulation and eosinophil recruitment may confer advantages in a AIA context; especially when coupled with the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and LIF and within an environment characterised by opportunistic secondary infection. The gene discussed is LIF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.