MAPK cascades (p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase or JNK/SAPK and ERK 1 and 2 or p44/p42 MAPKs) have been extensively reported to be involved in hyperglycemia mediated extracellular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy (Brosius et al., 2010). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK9 and diabetic kidney disease.