TNF and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, APOE4 BMT-APP/PS1 mice had significantly higher brain expression levels of the pro-inflammatory genes TNFα and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF; which are upregulated in AD patients), lower levels of the anti-inflammatory gene IL-10, and impaired spatial working memory in the Barnes maze, compared with APOE3 BMT-APP/PS1 mice (Yang et al., 2013).