While our previous studies demonstrated the effectiveness of intranasal NPY to prevent development of PTSD-associated behaviors and molecular changes for male rats (Serova et al., 2013, 2017; Sabban et al., 2015a, b; Tasan et al., 2016), it appears that intranasal NPY may not be an effective treatment for females at the same dosage. Here, NPY is linked to post-traumatic stress disorder.