VCAM1 and brain inflammatory disease: Other studies have used VCAM-1 as an inflammation marker in different organs with different imaging methods, including quantum dot imaging in lungs [29], 19F MR nanoparticle spectroscopy in renal [30], microbubble ultrasound imaging in atherosclerosis [31], iron oxide microparticles MR imaging in acute brain inflammation [32], and microPET imaging in tumor therapy evaluation [33].