Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on the cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), causing an induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which tend to be elevated in patients with cirrhosis (18). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Cirrhosis.