TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Splenocytes derived from mice with lupus treated with TPC showed significantly decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], and IL-6) and enhanced production of IL-10 compared to those from mice treated with tuftsin and PBS (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1C to F).