Further mechanistic studies unveiled that the efficacy of IRE + anti-PD1 can be attributed to (1) the activation of DCs that are required to present the tumor-associated antigens to prime T cells, and (2) the IRE-induced alleviation of immunosuppressive components in PDAC stroma, including hypoxia, hyaluronic acid, FAPα, and LOX. Here, FAP is linked to neoplasm.