TNF and Alzheimer disease: These data suggest that mechanical ventilation acutely promotes AD neuropathology by (i) increasing cerebral accumulation of the Aβ peptide and AD-associated neuroinflammation, notably TNF-α and IL-6 in ADtg mice with pre-existing AD pathology, and (ii) increasing AD-associated neuroinflammation, notably TNF-α and IL-6, and possibly blood-brain barrier permeability in wild-type mice without pre-existing AD pathology.