Abatacept, a selective modulator of the CD80/86-CD28 costimulatory signal was successfully used in patients with non-severe GPA and is currently in a phase III trial (ABROGATE, NCT02108860), which suggests that the CTLA-4 protein might be of importance in AAV pathogenesis [31]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.