PTGS2 and neoplasm: Currently, diverse factors, including GM-CSF (46), interleukins (47),VEGF (48), tumor-derived molecules (49), prostaglandin E2/cyclooxygenase-2 (PGE2/COX2) (50), EVs (51), complement molecules (52), and IFN-γ (53), have been determined to regulate MDSC accumulation and expansion in the tumor microenvironment through the signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) or STAT3 signaling pathway (54).