TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: - Decreased disease activity and increased survival in SLE prone mice (NZB/W). Increased percentage of Treg cells and decrease in IL-17 producing cells (108). - Decreased joint swelling and cell influx into joint cavity in arthritis mouse model. Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines; TNFα, IL-1β (109). - Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production after ex vivo stimulation of PBMC from healthy volunteers with LPS in a phase I clinical trial (110). - Decreased disease activity scores in 5/9 patients at 12 weeks in a phase II human clinical trial involving children with sJIA (111).