AR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In contrast, anti-androgens have been suggested to act as obesogens; androgen receptor knock out (ARKO) mice exhibit increased obesity (163), flutamide has been demonstrated to modulate lipid profiles in women (164), and hypogonadism (characterized by testosterone deficiency) is associated with obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and other metabolic effects, which may be corrected with androgen supplementation (159).