Interestingly, Bcl-3−/− mice treated with dextran-sodium sulphate (DSS) develop less severe colitis compared to wild-type (WT) mice (O'Carroll et al., 2013); however, it has also been demonstrated that BCL-3 suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation (Carmody et al., 2007), thereby demonstrating a complex role for BCL-3 in the regulation of inflammation. Here, BCL3 is linked to colitis.