Upon treatment of these tumours with anti-RSPO3 antibody using patient-derived xenograft models, expression of LGR5 and ASCL2 were highly downregulated, whereas MYC, AXIN2 and CCND1 (cyclin D1) did not rank among the top 100 downregulated genes (Storm et al., 2016). Here, RSPO3 is linked to neoplasm.