Importantly, environmental factors, including the inflammation and activation of NF-κB signalling, can promote the expansion of mutant cell populations, contributing both towards the earliest stages of tumorigenesis, but also to the maintenance of the tumour, and subsequently to therapeutic resistance and ultimately poor prognosis (Schwitalla et al., 2013; Grivennikov et al., 2010; Vlantis et al., 2011; Shaked et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and neoplasm.