MAPK3 and cervical cancer: To further verify the possible involvement of the Erk1/2 and Akt pathways in the stemness phenotype, apoptotic induction, and cell cycle arrest in zoledronic acid-treated cervical cancer cells derived CSCs, IGF-1, a potent stimulator of Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways [25, 26], was applied.