TGFB1 and head and neck cancer: Interestingly, TGF-β signalling, which was identified by KEGG pathway analysis to be upregulated in OE33 Cis R cells, has previously been linked to cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal and head and neck cancer; it would be of interest in the future to further understand the role Of TGF-β signalling in cisplatin resistance in OAC [41,42].