AKT1 and asthma: After pathway enrichment analysis of 17 a priori curated inflammatory pathways [33], we found an over-representation of effect modification by DNA methylation of BMI on adult-onset asthma in several pathways: Glucocorticoid/PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) signaling, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) signaling, and PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases/protein kinase B) signaling (Table 2).