A direct action of estrogen on EOC growth, metastasis and progression has been demonstrated through different pathways, including: (i) tumor production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via ER signaling (direct pathway); and (ii) increased tumor–endothelial cell migration via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling (indirect pathway) [76]. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is neoplasm.