MALAT1 and HIV-1 infection: To confirm that the up-regulation of MALAT1 upon HIV-1 infection is universal, we also used PHA-P-activated primary CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell line Hut/CCR5, Jurkat and H9 cells for infection with either pseudotyped HIV-Luc/NL4-3 or replication competent HIV-1/NL4-3.