In our approach to treat T1D, we have generated tDC using a targeted approach; to directly impair the expression of three key co-stimulation proteins at the cell surface by ex vivo exposure of GM-CSF+IL-4-generated DC, to a mixture of antisense phosphorothioate DNA oligonucleotides, targeting the 5′ end of the primary transcripts of CD40, CD80, and CD86 (14). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.