We observed upregulation of mitochondrial PKM2 in 6 of 8 tumor specimens and observed upregulation of VDAC3 in 5 of 8 cancer specimens as compared to adjacent nonneoplastic control tissues where neither of these molecules showed upregulation (Fig. 4d, Supplementary Figure S3b, c lane 4 vs. lane 3 for each patient, Supplementary Figure S3d). This evidence concerns the gene PKM and cancer.