GSK3B and liver dysplastic nodule: Kong et al.17 found that insulin deficiency can upregulate the expressions of IGF-1 andits receptor IGF-1R in the renal mesangial cells and DN rats’ kidneys, thus causingmesangial cell proliferation as well as the increase of serum creatinine and urinaryproteins; Singh et al.18 found through proteomics that the overexpression of IGF-1 can activate theAkt/GSK-3β signal pathway, thus promoting the growth of mesangial cells and proteinsynthesis in DN.