PIK3CD and neoplasm: As expected, the probesets differentially expressed include molecules from other pathways through which TGFβ signals, such as PIK3CD. Other genes identified (e.g., IL11, LTBP1/2, SERPINE) have been previously reported to be regulated by TGFβ in other microarray studies, suggesting that these TGFβ-regulated genes are not tumor type-specific, and are generally regulated by TGFβ [13, 14, 36].