ESR1 and breast carcinoma: We have previously demonstrated that long-range regulation of HOXC genes occurs in breast cancer and is influenced by ERα and its associated cofactors.49HOX gene expression is tightly controlled in a spatiotemporal manner to ensure proper axial formation along the anterior-posterior axis during embryonic development.57 Within the cell types of the human breast, HOX gene expression appears dynamic and the association between MIR196A and HOXC genes is not significant.