We have previously demonstrated that long-range regulation of HOXC genes occurs in breast cancer and is influenced by ERα and its associated cofactors.49HOX gene expression is tightly controlled in a spatiotemporal manner to ensure proper axial formation along the anterior-posterior axis during embryonic development.57 Within the cell types of the human breast, HOX gene expression appears dynamic and the association between MIR196A and HOXC genes is not significant. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is breast cancer.