Encephalitis in VEEV is associated with the up-regulation of multiple inflammatory mediators such as toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factors alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukins and chemokines [14,37,38,40,109]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is encephalitis.