One study found that individuals with T1D who received the supra-physiological insulin doses had increased weight gain and worse total cholesterol and LDL-C, central obesity, insulin resistance, blood pressure, more coronary artery calcifications, and higher carotid intima-media thickness, underlying the role of obesity in contributing to cardiovascular disease in persons with T1D [51]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.