In diabetes, chronic and excessive ROS results in lower levels of insulin secretion and even insulin resistance by affecting the signaling pathway such as insulin or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt or ERK kinases [23]. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.