INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by the destruction of the insulin-secreting β-cells of the islets of Langerhans (T1DM) [1] or by insulin resistance whereby the insulin target organs are unresponsive to insulin action, which subsequently causes secondary β-cell damage due to prolonged exposure to high glucose levels (T2DM) [2].