NGF and Thiamine deficiency: We found that wheel running initiated during AIE treatment prevented the decrease of hippocampal NGF and concomitant loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neuron markers.10 Hall and Savage41 reported that wheel running restored loss of forebrain ChAT+IR neurons and blunted the reduction of hippocampal NGF and BDNF in a rodent model of thiamine deficiency.