TLR4 and Parkinson disease: Wei et al. (2016) and Zou et al. (2017) proved that memantine and Cystain C can promote the cell survival of 6 -hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PC12 cells by regulating Nurr77 or VEGF, indicating a new approach for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). MPP+-induced inflammatory activation of BV-2 microglia may be mediated by TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling, involving the further discovery of PD pathophysiology (Zhou et al., 2016).