CTLA4 and neoplasm: Considering that different antibodies, which targeted PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG3, etc., and different vaccines triggered different alterations in immune cells and the secretion of key chemotactic factors in the TME, the optimal combination strategy should be able to synergize with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockades to induce tumour cell immunogenicity and stimulate effective antitumour responses.