CXCL11 and viral encephalitis: CCL19, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 were significantly increased compared to CSF from control patients and compared to levels in serum in patients with encephalitis, meningitis, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome (Fig. 2a–d) whereas CXCL11 was only increased in CSF in VZV meningitis patients (Fig. 2e).