TNF and diabetes mellitus: In Spearman rank correlation analysis, CAC score correlated with age (Fig. 3a), diabetes (rho = 0.35, p < 0.001), CVD (rho = 0.45, p < 0.001), BMI (rho = 0.18, p = 0.017), HDL-cholesterol (rho = − 0.18, p = 0.019), 1,25-OH vitamin D (rho = − 0.30, p < 0.001), albumin (rho = − 0.24, p = 0.001) and inflammatory biomarkers: hsCRP (rho = 0.40, p < 0.001), IL-6 (rho = 0.51, p < 0.001) and TNF (rho = 0.39, p < 0.001) significantly.