Inhibition of CSF1R or CSF1 typically results in reduced accumulation of TAMs, impaired vascularization, and enhanced infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.134, 136 Therefore, it is perhaps unsurprising that blocking CSF1R enhances antitumor T cell responses and promotes regression of pancreatic tumors and melanoma during checkpoint blockade.137, 138 CSF1R blockade has also demonstrated efficacy in enhancing response to clinically used chemotherapy agents such as paclitaxel134 or gemcitabine.72 This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and pancreatic neoplasm.