However, in a series of Lotus mutants that are impaired in epidermal infection thread formation, such as nena-1 (Groth et al., 2010), ern1-2 (Cerri et al., 2017; Kawaharada et al., 2017), and rhl1 (Karas et al., 2005), nodules are infected via epidermal cracks throughout the whole root. This evidence concerns the gene CRTAC1 and infection.