Two recent phase I clinical studies confirmed the potential of personalized neoantigen vaccines in melanoma patients.68,69 Ott et al. vaccinated six patients with SLPs containing up to 20 neoantigens that were specific to each patient’s tumor.68 Similarly, Sahin et al. tested RNA vaccines with up to 10 neoantigens per patient.69 In both cases, immune responses were detected in all patients, with activation of expansion of both CD4 and CD8 T cells reactive to multiple neoantigens. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.