FOXC1 and neoplasm: To further examine the effects of intra-tumor MH on detecting known methylation-based biomarkers, we performed unsupervised clustering analysis on the 450K array probes mapped to 7 reported chemotherapy-resistant genes that were epigenetically regulated, including DUSP4, GSTP1, ABCB1, PTEN, FOXC1, TGM2 and ETS1 [4–6, 22].