TNF and myocardial infarction: A study by Mao J showed using a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced bone marrow (BM)-MSC injury model in vitro and a rat MI model in vivo, miR-23a was involved in TNF-α-induced BM-MSC apoptosis through regulating caspase-7 and the injection of BM-MSCs over-expressing miR-23a could improve left ventricular (LV) function and reduce infarct size in the rat MI model   29 .