Patient risk factors include sepsis, major surgery, bleeding and blood volume loss, and those with increased serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C and/or increased urinary NGAL, interleukin 18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP). Here, LCN2 is linked to Sepsis.