Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the ratio between plasma kynurenic acid and tryptophan is a robust indicator of kidney function [159] and that there may be involvement of the tryptophan pathway in chronic kidney disease possibly via increased activity of the enzymes kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the kidney and/or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in the liver. Here, IDO1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.