Compared to individuals with diabetes who did not use insulin, those who did had an increased risk for dementia independently of multiple potential confounders, including depression and HbA1C or Glucose levels (HR(95% CI) = 1.58 (1.18, 2.12); p = 0.002, Table 2, model 3 and Fig 1). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is depressive disorder.