RB1 and neoplasm: RB1 have been shown to be associated with many kinds of cancer and demonstrated to be a common driver gene in lung cancer.24, 32, 33 Moreover, 38% patients were diagnosed with RB1 aberrations by tumor biopsy, which means the results of RB1 in urine and sputum were consistent with that of tumor tissue, and it is neither false operation nor contamination by genomic profiles of normal tissue that more RB1 aberrations can be found by urine and sputum than plasma.