TNF and cryptococcosis: To this end, cytokine signaling could shape the outcome of cryptococcal infection;40 the abundant production of Th1‐, Th17‐, and M1 (classical activation)‐related cytokines (such as IFN‐gamma and TNF‐alpha) protect the host, while a shift to Th2‐ and M2 (alternative activation)‐related cytokines (such as IL‐4 and Arg1) was related to increased susceptibility to cryptococcal infection.