Additionally, our chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay results also confirmed that LCA encouraged the interaction of the NF-κB transcription factor with the IL-8 promoter for upregulation of IL-8 gene expression, but metformin strongly inhibited this interaction (Fig. 3E), These data clearly indicated that metformin suppressed the activation of NF-κB signaling that is stimulated by LCA treatment. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Leber congenital amaurosis.