In line with the finding of persistent dysbiosis in treated infection, the CD4+CCR6+CD161+ subset, which may protect the intestinal mucosa through the production of IL-17 and IL-22 [33–35], increased in the course of cART (T0: 3.8% IQR: 2.6–6.3; T12: 5% IQR: 3.1–7.2; p = 0.03; Fig 2A), yet maintained a significantly lower frequency compared to HIV-uninfected controls (CCR6+CD161+ in HIV-: 8.3% IQR: 5.4–13.1; see above for HIV+; p = 0.04; Fig 2A). Here, IL17A is linked to infection.