In conclusion, in our patients, we found no significant differences in pyelonephritis-causing UPEC strains and cystitis-causing UPEC strains in the presence of the studied virulence genes, but the frequencies of hlyA and papC were higher among UPEC strains isolated from inpatients compared to outpatients; hence, they could be considered as useful targets for prophylactic interventions. Here, PCDH8 is linked to chronic cystitis.