INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The replicated T2DM risk loci fall into three categories (Table S1): (i) those that impact the T2DM risk through impaired β-cell function (ALX4, BCL11A, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, GCK, HNF1A, HNF1B, HNF4A, IGF2BP2, JAZF1, KCNJ11, KCNQ1, SLC30A8, TCF7L2, WFS1); (ii) those that act through modulating insulin action (ADAMTS9, DUSP9, PPARγ); and (iii) those that were primarily associated with BMI, obesity and adiposity but subsequently identified also as affecting T2DM risk through insulin action (FTO, GNPDA2, MC4R, TFAP2B).