LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The genomic windows related to the slope for both traits also contain two growth-related genes, MC4R and LEP, both of which can regulate obesity and energy expenditure (Dempfle et al. 2004; Paolini et al. 2016; Rosenbaum and Leibel 2014; Rutanen et al. 2004).