CD1D and inflammatory bowel disease: To explore whether microbiota-induced iNKT cell activation requires CD1d presentation, we exposed iNKT cells in vitro to two well-characterized purified intestinal pathobionts, known to be present in IBD patients and to mediate inflammatory responses (Schultz et al, 2017; Palmela et al, 2018), that is, adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strain LF82 (Figs 7A and B and S11A) and Salmonella typhimurium (Figs 7C and D and S11B).