Wnt-mediated Tgfβ3 activation is required for MEE cell apoptosis during palatal shelf closure (He et al., 2011) (Fig. 2), and knockout of all three isoforms of Tgfβ has been associated with cleft palate in mice, in either single or doubly mutant lines (Kaartinen et al., 1995; Sanford et al., 1997; Jin and Ding, 2014) (Fig. 2). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cleft palate.