Facial ectodermal/epithelial ablation of either β-catenin or Wls arrests the formation of orofacial primordia (Wang et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2016), and conditional knockout of Wls in craniofacial neural crest cells with a Wnt1-driven Cre recombinase causes cleft palate (Liu et al., 2015) (Table 1). Here, WLS is linked to cleft palate.